Albism: Albinism, Oculocutaneous, and OCA (The last two are for a certain type of albinism, which only effects the eyes.). Down Syndrome: Down's Syndrome, Trisomy 21, 47,XX,+21, and 47,XY,+21
Down Syndrome
Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21, occurs due to an extra chromosome 21 in humans.
(See left karyotype.)
Down syndrome victims may have an abnormally small chin, poor muscle tone, a protruding tongue, a short neck, and many other physical deformations.They usually have mental retardation, with an IQ from 35-70. Symptoms of Down Syndrome include decreased muscle tone at birth, asymmetrical or odd-shaped skull, round head with flat area at the back of the head, small skull, slanting eyes, small mouth with protruding tongue (see tongue problems), broad short hands, single crease on the palm, retarded growth and development, and delayed mental and social skills (mental retardation). Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for Down syndrome. However, treatment is available for the health problems that the person might have. Special education and training is offered in most communities for mentally handicapped children. The prognosis of Down Syndrome is fairly moderate, survival rates are high but with mental retardation and a reduced life span due to various conditions. Down Syndrome is a birth defect and is not contagious.
Albinism
Albinism is caused by a lack of a pigment called melanin. Melanin is found in hair, skin, and eyes. The lack of pigment can cause an increase in chances of contracting skin cancer,and bright light to be uncomfortable. Albinism is a condition that cannot be "cured", but small things can be done to improve the quality of life for those affected. Special glasses can be used to help those with visual impairments due to albinism. Colored contacts can be used to protect the eyes as well. Sunscreen, sunglasses, and wide brimmed hats can be use as protection from the sun.